- Turbonetics’ complete turbo kit for the 2004 to 2006 Scion tC comes complete with an aftercooler from Spearco, a division of Turbonetics. The turbo system develops 8 lbs of boost and takes the stock 160-hp mill to 300 hp using 94-octane fuel. Note the location of the aftercooler and boost tube routing to clear engine bay obstacles.
- The turbocharger is bolted to the exhaust manifold of the engine. The exhaust from the cylinders spins the turbine, which works like a gas turbine engine. The turbine is connected by a shaft to the compressor, which is located between the air filter and the intake manifold. The compressor pressurizes the air going into the pistons.
The Video Course teaches you everything about modern cars.
Oct 22, 2020 The turbocharger is a familiar term when you talk about race cars and high-performance sports vehicles. They are also not uncommon to find in larger diesel engines. A turbo is a device that can enhance the horsepower of an engine without adding to its weight. How does a turbo work and make that possible? And, what features have made them so. Turbonetics’ complete turbo kit for the 2004 to 2006 Scion tC comes complete with an aftercooler from Spearco, a division of Turbonetics. The turbo system develops 8 lbs of boost and takes the stock 160-hp mill to 300 hp using 94-octane fuel. Note the location of the aftercooler and boost tube routing to clear engine bay obstacles. Another presentation from AutoTech Labs - The Turbocharger.A device which uses the exhaust gas energy to supply more air to the engine.The presentation takes.
There are two main ways to get more power from a car's engine. The first(and until recently the most popular) is to increase the capacity of theengine. The second is to increase the amount of fuel/air mixture going into thecylinder.
Generally, the more fuel/air mixture going into the cylinders, the morepower the engine will produce. So part of the solution is to tune thecarburettor, cylinder head and manifolds to allow the engine to `breathe' morefreely, but there are limits to how much power can be extracted from an engineby these means while at the same time maintaining the engine's reliability andflexibility.
An alternative way of getting more fuel/air mixture into the cylinders iswith a turbocharger.
Unlike road cars, racing car engines do not have to compromise between power and flexibility, so they can be tuned for ultimate power at high revs because this is the speed range where they will spend most of their time when racing.With a turbocharged engine, this inevitably means running the engine at very high boost pressures as well as carrying out conventional tuning work.The most powerful turbocharged race engines can cope with boost pressures of 4-5 bar (60-70psi), whereas a turbo road car will run at a maximum of about 0.7 bar (10.5psi).What is a turbo?
A turbocharger is basically a pump driven by the exhaust gases passing outof the exhaust manifold. The unit consists of a wheel with vanes - the turbine- that fits inside a housing in the exhaust system. From this turbine a shortcentral drive shaft runs to a similar vaned wheel called the compressor thatfeeds into the engine's air intake.
from the engine, they spin the turbine, which in turn spins the drive shaftto turn the compressor. So, when the engine is running, the exhaust gases drivethe turbine which makes the compressor pump air into the engine.
A fixed amount of fuel is automatically sucked in with the air if the enginehas a carburettor. If the engine has fuel injection, the computer control unitis programmed to suit the boost pressures.
The faster the engine is running, or the larger the throttle opening orboth, the faster the turbocharger will spin. The faster the turbo spins, themore pressure, or boost it develops and the more air it forces into the engineto create more power.
Wastegates
Although the turbo is designed to pressurize the mixture going into theengine, too much pressure would be dangerous because it can lead to 'knocking'(pre-ignition) and put too much strain on the internal components of theengine. Therefore the maximum boost pressure that the turbocharger can producehas to be limited by a valve known as a wastegate.
The wastegate is a relief valve, located in the turbocharger, that opens tolet some of the exhaust gases bypass the turbine and flow directly into theexhaust system. If the boost pressure is getting too high, the wastegate isactivated by a pressure-sensitive actuator which senses the pressure beingproduced by the compressor.
Compressing the air causes problems of its own. When the air is compressedit heats up, which tends to make it expand. Because the purpose of the turbo isto get as much fuel/air mixture into the cylinder as possible, this hot airneeds to be cooled down.
To do this, most turbocharged cars are fitted with an intercooler. Thislooks like a small radiator, and cools the compressed air that leaves theturbocharger. As the air cools down, its volume shrinks, so the amount offuel/air mixture fed to the engine - and hence the power output -increases.
The turbo unit is plumbed in to the exhaust system as near to the engine aspossible. This helps to keep it compact and also helps prevent turbo lag. Ifthere was a long length of exhaust pipe between the engine and the turbo, therewould be a time delay between the accelerator being pressed down, the enginespeed increasing, and the turbo accelerating. The effect would be like havingan elastic throttle cable.
Therefore, the turbo is often bolted directly on to the exhaust manifold.The exhaust outlet is in the centre of the turbine housing and leads off to theexhaust pipe.
On the inlet side, the pressurized air leaves the compressor housing via alarge-bore pipe. This runs through the intercooler (if fitted), and then to theinlet manifold, or occasionally plenum chamber, where the fuel is added byinjection before the air enters the engine.
The high speeds at which the turbine can spin create lubrication and coolingproblems. In some turbochargers the turbine can spin at up to 200,000rpm, andthe hottest parts of the turbo will be at or near the temperature of theexhaust gas about 900°C.
Most turbo units have the central drive shaft bearing fed with oil from theengine. The turbocharger's lubrication system is specially designed to copewith high temperatures.
The oil drain pipe is of large diameter to ensure that the oil, whichdevelops a creamy consistency after going through the turbocharger, will drainback to the sump under gravity. If there were a restricted flow in this pipe,it would cause a build-up of pressure around the bearing in the centre housingthat would result in oil leaks on the turbocharger.
Some turbos have a water-cooled centre bearing to reduce heat still further.The advantage is that, because the water is still being warmed by the engine,it continues to circulate and take heat away from the bearing for a few minutesafter the engine has been stopped.
Early criticisms of turbo engines were their poor performance off-boost -when the engine was not turning fast enough to spin the turbine quickly - andthe amount of time it took for the turbocharger to start boosting once theaccelerator was pressed.
The poor off-boost performance was because road-going turbo engines do notusually have a very high compression ratio. Forcing a lot of pressure into thecylinders is equivalent to raising the compressionratio so, if the enginestarted with high compression, at high boost the pressures inside the enginecould promote detonation problems, or 'knock', which would result in seriousengine damage.
As a rough guide, every three pounds of boost are equivalent to increasingthe compression ratio by a factor of one. So if an engine with a compressionratio of 8:1 had a turbo which could deliver nine pounds of boost, theeffective compression ratio would be about 11:1. An average family car has acompression ratio of 9:1.
Better engine and turbo control is the answer - almost all turbo systems nowuse some form of engine management which looks after the electronic ignitionand fuel injection systems, retarding the ignition slightly if the enginestarts to knock. Saab's APC (Automatic
Performance Control) system goes one step further. Not only does it reduceboost pressure to a safe level, it also allows the engine to be run on anygrade of fuel because the management system automatically compensates -although you get the best performance only with the highest grade.
Early turbo engines suffered turbo lag, partly through poor enginemanagement and partly because the lack of suitable turbo units often meant thatthe engines and turbos were not ideally matched to each other - a large turboon a small engine will give good top-end power but will lack flexibility. Lagis almost inevitable because a small engine would take time to `spin up' alarge turbo unit. A small turbo on a large engine gives good mid-range powerwith little or no lag, but ultimate power is compromised.
These problems have been minimized by better matching of the turbo andengine sizes, and by using lighter materials such as ceramics and new designssuch as variable flow nozzles (see sideline overleaf).
The obvious benefit from a turbocharged engine is that of increasedperformance combined with economy - a turbocharged two-litre engine givessimilar performance to an unturbocharged three-litre one, without burning muchmore fuel than a two-litre.
It's often simpler for a manufacturer to turbocharge an existing engine thanto design and develop a new, larger one. Adding a turbo to an engine does notusually significantly increase fuel consumption unless the enhanced performanceis used to the full.
- C++ Basics
- C++ Object Oriented
- C++ Advanced
- C++ Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This C++ tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners to advanded software engineers.
Why to Learn C++
C++ is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning C++:
C++ is very close to hardware, so you get a chance to work at a low level which gives you lot of control in terms of memory management, better performance and finally a robust software development.
C++ programming gives you a clear understanding about Object Oriented Programming. You will understand low level implementation of polymorphism when you will implement virtual tables and virtual table pointers, or dynamic type identification.
C++ is one of the every green programming languages and loved by millions of software developers. If you are a great C++ programmer then you will never sit without work and more importantly you will get highly paid for your work.
C++ is the most widely used programming languages in application and system programming. So you can choose your area of interest of software development.
C++ really teaches you the difference between compiler, linker and loader, different data types, storage classes, variable types their scopes etc.
There are 1000s of good reasons to learn C++ Programming. But one thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only C++, you just need to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.
Ansys Turbocharger Tutorial
Hello World using C++
Just to give you a little excitement about C++ programming, I'm going to give you a small conventional C++ Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link
C++ is a super set of C programming with additional implementation of object-oriented concepts.
There are many C++ compilers available which you can use to compile and run above mentioned program:
Apple C++. Xcode
Bloodshed Dev-C++
Clang C++
Cygwin (GNU C++)
Mentor Graphics
MINGW - 'Minimalist GNU for Windows'
GNU CC source
IBM C++
Intel C++
Microsoft Visual C++
Oracle C++
HP C++
Turbocharger Tutorial Python
It is really impossible to give a complete list of all the available compilers. The C++ world is just too large and too much new is happening.
Applications of C++ Programming
As mentioned before, C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages. It has it's presence in almost every area of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
Solidworks Turbocharger Tutorial
Application Software Development - C++ programming has been used in developing almost all the major Operating Systems like Windows, Mac OSX and Linux. Apart from the operating systems, the core part of many browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Chrome have been written using C++. C++ also has been used in developing the most popular database system called MySQL.
Programming Languages Development - C++ has been used extensively in developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX’s C Shell, PHP and Python, and Verilog etc.
Computation Programming - C++ is the best friends of scientists because of fast speed and computational efficiencies.
Games Development - C++ is extremely fast which allows programmers to do procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides greater control over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in development of gaming engines.
Embedded System - C++ is being heavily used in developing Medical and Engineering Applications like softwares for MRI machines, high-end CAD/CAM systems etc.
This list goes on, there are various areas where software developers are happily using C++ to provide great softwares. I highly recommend you to learn C++ and contribute great softwares to the community.
Audience
This C++ tutorial has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to C++.
Prerequisites
Before you start practicing with various types of examples given in this C++ tutorial,we are making an assumption that you are already aware of the basics of computer program and computer programming language.